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The Scramble for Africa: White Man's Conquest of the Dark Continent from 1876 to 1912
Ebook The Scramble for Africa: White Man's Conquest of the Dark Continent from 1876 to 1912
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Review
From the rear cover of this 738 page book: "A phenomenal achievement, clear, authoritative and compelling......Thomas Pakenham's fine book tells the story of this particular gold rush with admirable and judicious poise....Contains some of the best-known episodes of 19th-Century history as well as some of the most mythologized and colorful characters the world has ever seen.....Livingstone and Stanley, Brazza and Rhodes, Kitchener and Gordon, Lugard and Jameson.....Highly readable." and "Taking the entire continent as his canvas, Pakenham has painted a picture of heroism and horror. He writes both with compassion and with an effective combination of detachment and judgement. A splendid book."
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Chapter OneLeopold's CrusadeBrussels7 January-15 September 1876'The current is with us.'Leopold II, King of the Belgians, at the GeographicalConference in Brussels, 12 September 1876'He [King Leopold) first explained his views to mewhen I was his guest in Brussels some years ago . . . his designs are most philanthropic and are amongstthe few schemes of the kind . . . free from any selfishcommercial or political object.'-- Sir Bartle Frere, 1883The Times was delivered at the palace of Laeken on 7 January 1876, as usual, in time for His Majesty's breakfast. Leopold II had been up since five. Normally he took a walk through the palace gardens, a tall bearded figure, tramping along the gravelled paths with a barely noticeable limp, or, if it was wet, inspecting the hothouses. He read The Times each day. It was the early edition, the one that caught the night mails to the Continent. His own copy was packed in a special cylindrical container, hurried by the South-Eastern Railway from Blackfriars to Dover, then by the steam ferry to Ostend, then thrown from the guard's van as the Brussels express clanged past the royal palace at Laeken where a footman was waiting to retrieve it. Leopold read the paper with the same earnestness he displayed when performing other royal tasks, brushing the front of his blue tunic with his right hand when something caught his eye. That morning, 7 January, tucked away at the bottom of page six, was a brief note from The Times's correspondent in Loanda, capital of the half-derelict Portuguese colony of Angola, dated nearly seven weeks earlier. Lieutenant Cameron, the British explorer, had reached the west coast after a three-year journey across Africa. He was too ill (half-dead from scurvy) to return to England before the spring. Meanwhile, he was sending some notes from his travels to be read at a meeting of the Royal Geographical Society on Monday next. Four days later, under the heading 'African Exploration', The Times splashed Monday's meeting of the RGS across the first three columns of the home news page. The President, Sir Henry Rawlinson, called Cameron's journey 'one ofthe most arduous and successful journeys which have ever been performed intothe interior of the African continent'. That seemed no exaggeration to thosewho read Cameron's own letters, given to the public at the meeting. Of courseCameron was the first to point out there might be 'diplomatic difficulties' ahead, although no European power yet claimed the land either as a colony or a protectorate. This was because of the huge wealth at stake.The interior is mostly a magnificent and healthy country of unspeakable richness. I have a small specimen of good coal; other minerals such as gold, copper, iron and silver are abundant, and I am confident that with a wise and liberal (not lavish) expenditure of capital, one of the greatest systems of inland navigation in the world might be utilized, and from 30 months to 36 months begin to repay any enterprising capitalist that might take the matter in hand . . . 1 A country of 'unspeakable richness' waiting for an 'enterprising capitalist'. What were Leopold's own views about young Cameron and his sensational discoveries? Cameron's story certainly caught his eye. Within a few days he had promised the RGS that he would pay, if needed, the princely sum of I00,000 francs (£4000) to cover the expenses Cameron had incurred on the journey. In public, however, Leopold showed no flicker of interest. In the Senate he would stand like a Roman emperor, tall, bearded, his nose like the prow of a trireme. In his slow booming voice, he spoke the required generalities. He had learnt the craft of monarchy in a hard school. His father, Leopold I, was the son of an impoverished German princeling, the Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. He had had his eye on the good solid throne of England where he would have been consort, through his marriage to Princess Charlotte, George IV's heir presumptive. Charlotte had died in childbirth in 1817. In 1831 Leopold I had picked up a throne in Belgium--but a throne perched on a tightrope. Inside Belgium were two warring peoples, Flemish and Walloon, and two warring sects, Liberals and Catholics. Outside Belgium, hemming it in, were two warring Powers, France and Germany. The King of the Belgians was thus doubly vulnerable. His own survival depended on the goodwill of a bitterly divided people. Belgium's survival depended on the goodwill of two greedy neighbours. To preserve both throne and nation, the King must remain aloof from controversy. Aloofness seemed to come naturally to Leopold II. He seemed to have a natural coolness of heart--or at any rate a temperament chilled by the rebuffs of fortune. His father, Queen Victoria's 'dearest uncle', had shown scant affection for any of his three children. He found Leo gauche and self-willed. Leopold's gentle mother Louise, daughter of Louis-Philippe of France, was devoted to her children, though it was clear Leopold was not her favourite. She had died when Leopold was twelve. And his own son, on whom he doted, died tragically young, leaving Leopold without a direct male heir. At the funeral the King had, for once, lost control. To the alarm of onlookers, he broke down and sobbed aloud by the coffin. Still, since his accession in 1865, he had hardly put a foot wrong in public. If he was known at all in the world outside Belgium it was as a model, if somewhat pedestrian, ruler. He was admirably free from those delusions of grandeur that so often seemed to fill the crowned heads of petty states. To his own staff and the handful of politicians who dealt with him regularly, Leopold presented a more complicated character . . .
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Product details
Paperback: 738 pages
Publisher: Avon Books (December 1992)
Language: English
ISBN-10: 0380719991
ISBN-13: 978-0380719990
Product Dimensions:
6 x 1.3 x 9 inches
Shipping Weight: 1.8 pounds (View shipping rates and policies)
Average Customer Review:
4.7 out of 5 stars
63 customer reviews
Amazon Best Sellers Rank:
#274,965 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
Extremely ambitious read covering many regions of African continent in last 30 years of 19th century, focusing on European imperialism; what is commonly known as THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA. This book has become one of the standard-bearers for historians and casual readers interested in that period. When I wrote BEFORE THE SCRAMBLE: A SCOTTISH MISSIONARY'S STORY I very much relied on several key chapters in this book. The book's design is as follows: the chapters are independent from each other, each chapter covering a separate region of the continent, separate European powers and their respective military and political personalities involved in those respective areas. The research is impeccable, the detail of personalities and incidents are clear and richly portrayed. This book is one of those seminal documents that will withstand the test of the time. It will be an excellent source for researchers, teachers, and students. Again, I found it extremely useful when it came time for me to write about my distant relative who was a missionary in British Central Africa in the 1880s. What was really compelling was reading about individuals James Sutherland (my relative) met, who appear in THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA. It helped me gain tremendous perspective on the personalities, historical forces, and individual events that molded African imperialism. I will always treasure this book.
This book describes how Europe's Treaty of Berlin of 1885 split Africa into European colonies. It shows the effects on the African cultures and became so painful to read, I had to stop reading. Who would have thought the small, minor country of Belgium could have such an inhumane history of torture and mass murder that rivals Hitler - but in the Congo? It made me think Africans were justified to invade Europe with illegal migration.
Fascinating, detailed, disturbing - the greed, horror and brutality of colonialism laid bare. You cannot forget what you have read here.
An excellent, highly researched, well written and relatively easy to read (for a history book) account of what is one of the most intriguing episodes in the history of Africa and the World, and accordingly is a highly relevant background to today's developing Africa.
I have read much about Africa. As for the colonial period, this book pulls it all together. The author does an excellent job of covering a wide span of history, including military campaigns, political strategy and intrigue and a host of contributing factors to provide a detail review of how colonialism occured and what drove it across the face of Africa. I would love to see another installment by Pakenhan of the subsequent period, addressing the drive for independence and its resulting successes and unfortunate failures.
It would be an understatement to write that Thomas Pakenham embraced an ambitious project in crafting a comprehensive, single-volume history of the European colonization of Africa over the course of some four decades a century ago. Few authors could have succeeded after having bitten off so much. Fewer still could have made it accessible to the layman and an immensely enjoyable read at that. Pakenham is the rare talent able to pull off such a feat.The story Pakenham tells involves countless actors, but at the center of the great conquest from beginning to end is the Belgian King Leopold, whose imperial actions, clothed in the righteous language of development and humanitarianism, did more than anyone else to spur on the exploration and exploitation of Africa. As Pakenham describes him, "Leopold was a Coburg millionaire, a constitutional monarch malgre lui, a throwback from the age of absolutism, with the brain of a Wall Street financier and the hide of an African rhinoceros." From his ostentatious palace at Laeken, Leopold kept a close eye on developments in the exploration of Africa and saw in it his great opportunity to make a fortune, all in the name of the "3 Cs": Christianity, Commerce, and Civilization.The "3 Cs" served as the foundation for most European imperialist of the time - Henry Stanley, his rival Pierre Brazza, Sir George Goldie, Frederick Lugard and others. A twenty-first century cynic could argue that the European intervention in Africa was motivated by capitalist greed, pure and simple. But Pakenham argues that a genuine desire to help the continent develop through the guiding light of Christianity was a central and perhaps the most important motivating factor in the decision to engage in African adventures by key elements in London, Paris and elsewhere. That said, commerce provided the extra pull that made large-scale action inevitable. After the early reports from Livingstone, himself a genuine and sincere Christian humanitarian, Africa captured the fascination of Europe with the potential of untold riches in this last unexplored frontier on earth. Indeed, the early years of "the Scramble" resembled a stock market bubble as investors rushed in motivated primarily by the fear of losing out by dithering on the sidelines.One of the more surprising aspects of European colonialism in Africa, especially the British in the early years of the Scramble, is how much they conquered with such little direct government investment. London frequently leveraged private enterprise to do the heavy lifting on the ground and direct foreign investment to develop the local infrastructure. Companies were given charters by London and had the exclusive right to make their fortunes under the protective flag of the British Empire. The most notable examples were Sir George Goldie's Royal Niger Company that exploited the trade in modern day Nigeria and Cecil Rhodes' various enterprises mining diamonds and gold in the republics of South Africa.The difficult part about Pakenham's "Scramble" is that there are so many actors over so many decades operating on so many fronts that it is a challenge to keep everything straight - Isandlwana, Adowa, Majuba, Khartoum, Fashoda, Omdurman, etc. But Pakenham's prose is so engaging that the reader becomes absorbed and presses on.In sum, "The Scramble for Africa" is a delightful read and a great overview of an unprecedented exercise in foreign domination and exploitation, the legacy of which we very much live with today. Much of the material is presented at a high level. For instance, Pakenham has also authored an authoritative 500-page history of the Boer War, an event that is covered in "The Scramble" in a mere 25-page chapter late in the book. So those with an interest in specific episodes of African colonialism will be better served with more focused works, but no other book will piece all the parts together so well.
This book fills in the foundations of what we are seeing being acted out in such places as Rwanda and the Sudan. These are results of European powers rolling into ancient lands, and grouping their peoples all together to form Western style entities in the form of colonies. Ancient tribal rivalries were damped down by European military power. With the independence movements which began between the World Wars, along with the inability of the Western countries to be able to commit the necessary manpower to hold command, the colonies were disbanded. The tribes are fighting each other again. However, this time they are armed with half learned lessons in finance, manipulated demoncracy and other unfortunate examples such as genocide. This book will show the reader how it all began and why it could never last. There is no way to know how the atrocities being committed in Africa will end, if the people of the former colonies will ever know ongoing peace or what direction the resolution of the bloodshed will finally take. However, at least after finishing this book, the reader will understand from whence the anger came.
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